Pedagogy Of Physical Science : (B.Ed Notes In English)

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Table of Contents

• What Is The Meaning And Definition Of Physical Science?
• Nature Physical Science
• Scope Of Physical Science
• Aims Of Teaching Physical Science In Schools
• What Are The Main Objectives Of Teaching Physical Science?
• How Is Physics Related To Other Sciences?
• Educational Objectives

Meaning of Physical Science

Physical Science incorporates everything you can see and many things that you cannot see, including the air around you.

Physical Science is the intensive human effort to understand, or to understand better;

• The history of the natural world and
• How the natural world works with observable physical evidence as to the center of that understanding. 

Physical science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.

Physical Science tries to stimulate natural processes under controlled conditions by

• Experimentation, or
• Observation of Natural phenomena. 

Definition of Physical Science

Physical Science is said to be the study of Matter and Energy. It includes chemistry and physics and covers vast interrelated territories like matter and energy.

• Matter refers to all the stuff that exists in the universe.
• Energy is also universal. For example: Electricity, heat, and light are some of the forms that energy can take.
• “Energy gives matter the ability to move and change”.

NATURE OF PHYSICAL SCIENCE

Science has certain characteristics which distinguish it from other spheres of human endeavor. These characteristics define the nature of science. The nature of physical science contributes critically to physical science existence and in new inventions.

The nature of physical science can very well be described with the support of the following attributes:

1. Systematic and understandable
2. Accuracy
3. A mixture of logic and imagination
4. Science is a Way of Knowing
5. Science is a Human Endeavor
6. Knowledge itself is good - it is good to acquire knowledge
7. Validity
8. Subject to change
9. Scientific Investigations Use a Variety of Methods
10. Durability
11. Reproducibility
12. Not all questions can be answered by science
13. Scientific Knowledge is based on Empirical Evidence
14. Curiosity is good and should be encouraged

1. Systematic And Understandable:

Scientific knowledge is based on the assumption that natural laws operate today as they did in the past and they will continue to do so in the future.

Scientific Knowledge Assumes an Order and Consistency in Natural Systems.

Science is not arbitrary, it follows rules, principles, and a system.

From the earliest times one kind of response science still following is:

• To observe the physical and biological environment carefully.
• Consequentially, look for any meaningful patterns and relations.
• From this knowledge make and use new tools to interact with nature, technology, system, etc., and then
• Build conceptual models to understand the world and universe more.

Science assumes that objects and events in natural systems occur in consistent patterns that are understandable through measurement and observation.

2. Accuracy:

Every new observation or a new theory, theoretical calculation in science is received with a lot of skepticism.

Scientists wish for accuracy and don’t settle even an inch underneath it.

Scientist carefully considers and evaluates anomalies in data and evidence. With a healthy dose of skepticism and lots of debate scientists accept:

• A new observation only when experimental observations have been checked by independent individuals or groups at various places with identical results.
• A new theory is accepted only when theoretical calculations have been repeated by other scientists autonomously with identical results.

Scientists look at everything with suspicion which directly leads to science being accurate.

3. Mixture Of Logic And Imagination:

Humans have always been curious about the world around them.

Scientists use all sorts of imagination and thought in approaching theories, experiment, and comes up with hypotheses which they sooner or later verify and test their validity.

The inquiring and imaginative human mind has responded to the wonder and awe of nature in different ways.

Scientific concepts do not emerge automatically from data or from any amount of analysis alone but rigorous use of logic and imagination is its soul. Scientists imagine hypotheses, theories in their real-life application.

Imagination and logic in science is as useful and creative as

• Writing poetry,
• Designing skyscrapers,
• Composing music etc.

Logic and imagination are usually required to recognize the meaning of the unexpected in science.

4. Science Is A Way Of Knowing:

Science is both a body of knowledge that represents a current understanding of natural systems and the processes and practices used to:

• Refine,
• Elaborate,
• Revise and
• Add to that body of knowledge.

Science is a way of knowing used by many people, not just scientists. Science knowledge helps us know about the world. 

Science knowledge has a history that includes the refinement of, and changes to,

• Theories,
• Ideas, and
• Beliefs over time.

Science knowledge is cumulative and many people, from many generations and nations, have contributed to scientific knowledge.

5. Science Is A Human Endeavor:

An important trait of humans is to wonder, observe and interact with the surroundings and look for meaningful patterns and relations by making and using new tools and build conceptual models to understand this universe.

Human exploratory actions have triggered the accumulation of vast sources of knowledge in science.

Human endeavor has led to modern science which took thousands of years to get crystallized.
Human’s inquisitiveness and usefulness of the knowledge of science are the two main factors that have led human

• To continuously endeavor to grasp the behavior of nature and
• Use the knowledge of science to make their life more comfortable.

In doing so humans systematized science knowledge by

• Classifying it into numerous fields of their activities,
• Built concepts to figure out the behavior of nature and
• Found various ways to exploit it.

In short, the endeavors of humankind resulted in a new discipline known as science.

6. Knowledge Itself Is Good - It Is Good To Acquire Knowledge:

Science is knowledge and knowledge is power and with power come wisdom and liberation.

Knowledge is good, not because it may be useful in some pragmatic manner, but purely since it increases and enriches our store of understanding about the universe in which we live.

Science is a particular way of looking at nature, which may also be called a scientific attitude.

In science, experimentation and theory building complements each other.

• In a progressive forward-looking society, knowledge especially science knowledge plays a truly liberating role. It’s easy to falsify or fabricate the data but scientific knowledge can foil it.
• Scientific knowledge helps people to come out of the vicious circle of poverty, ignorance, and superstition
• Staying open-minded and skeptical is certainly a value and goal for all scientists, provided that one's open-mindedness is reserved for objective evidence, as opposed to subjective.

Science, tempered with wisdom and is the surest and the only way to human welfare.

7. Validity:

Validity refers to the degree to which a theory or study accurately reflects or assesses the specific concept that the scientist is attempting to measure.

Science leads to the generation of ideas helping to make sense of observed facts that get accepted if they fit observations but may be refuted until tested through evidence.

These ideas represent a broad view and are generalized as the scientific principles that are true universally.

Science results, theories are valid as they came into existence after a rigorous and lengthy process of

1. Finding,
2. Checking,
3. Rechecking,
4. Re-experiment and so on.

8. Subject To Change:

Science is about asking questions and finding answers to them through scientific methods and inquiry.

One of the key nature of science is that even the most established theories can be

• Modified, or
• Even abandoned, if new experimental results do not fit into the existing theories.

From time to time a new experiment in science throws up finding which force modification in an existing theory or demand the development of an altogether new theory.

1. Scientific explanations are subject to revision and improvement in light of new evidence.
2. Theoretical expansion in a theory predicts new facts, phenomena that require further experiment and leads to vast changes. 

Science values an open mind (to be willing to examine and consider new evidence and arguments), tempered by a vigilant level of skepticism.

9. Scientific Investigations Use A Variety Of Methods:

The interplay between theory and experiment is a fascinating facet of the scientific process.

Science investigations begin with a question. Most investigations in science include some form of the scientific method and are guided by a set of values to ensure the accuracy of

• Observations
• Measurements, and
• The objectivity of findings.

Scientists use different ways approaches to study the world. Science investigations use diverse methods and do not always use the same set of procedures to obtain data. For Example:

• The approach used by the scientists in the study of astronomy and ecology is ‘observation’ and ‘prediction’.
• In micro science scientists rely on ‘laboratory experiment’ and focused on ‘ cause and effect relationship’.

Scientists, in their exploration, employ inquiry and scientific methods which in daily life promotes scientific temper and rationality.

It has been emphasized that students should imbibe the spirit of scientific inquiry in their personal lives.

10. Durability:

Continuity and stability are as characteristic of science as change is, and confidence is as widespread as apprehension.

Most scientific knowledge is quite durable but is, in principle, subject to change based on

• New evidence or
• Reinterpretation of existing evidence.

Scientific argumentation is a mode of logical discourse used to clarify the strength of relationships between ideas and evidence that may result in the revision of an explanation but still, the certainty and durability of science findings vary.

• For example: In formulating the theory of relativity, Albert Einstein did not discard the Newtonian laws of motion but rather showed them to be only an approximation of limited application within a more general concept.

Scientific explanations can be probabilistic and although scientists reject the notion of attaining absolute truth and accept some uncertainty as part of nature, most scientific knowledge is durable.

11.  Reproducibility:

Reproducibility is one of the important criteria for a scientific result to be acceptable. Reproducibility is defined as obtaining consistent results using the same data and code as the original study.

12.  Not All Questions Can Be Answered By Science:

Science knowledge indicates what can happen in natural systems - not what should happen.

Scientists study the natural and material world. Science offers answers to the problems but scientific knowledge is constrained by

• Human capacity,
• Technology, and
  
• Materials.

Science findings are limited to what can be answered with empirical evidence. Many decisions are not made using science alone, but

• Involves human Ethics, Moral Values, and Professionalism about the use of scientific knowledge.
• Heavily rely on Social and Cultural contexts to resolve issues.

Science knowledge can describe the consequences of actions, may raise ethical issues but is not responsible for society’s decisions, and does not provide answers and solutions. 

13.  Scientific Knowledge Is Based On Empirical Evidence:

Science knowledge is based upon logical and conceptual connections between evidence and explanations.

Science findings are based on:

• Looking and recognizing patterns and orders.
• Coordinating patterns of evidence with current theory.

Scientists use tools and technologies to make accurate measurements and observations.

• Science disciplines share common rules of obtaining and evaluating empirical evidence.
• Science arguments are strengthened by multiple lines of evidence supporting a single explanation.

14.  Curiosity Is Good And Should Be Encouraged:

Curiosity leads to a search for knowledge for its own sake, which is the driving force behind the great majority of scientific discoveries ever made.

Curiosity is surely the most essential trait a scientist can possess.

• Curiosity can be a hard sell because, sadly, many of today's students seem to lack curiosity about the world and universe outside their personal spheres of relevance.

Scope of Physical science

Physical science is as immeasurable as ocean through the eye of a child.

Physical science is not limited to only what is observable. Physical science deals with the natural world, the realm of

1. Nature,
2. Matter and
3. Energy.

The scope of physical science consists of everything in the interior of the domain of the human being senses. Whatever is outside the boundaries of the senses of human beings is outside the limits of science.

AIMS OF TEACHING PHYSICAL SCIENCE IN SCHOOLS

Education is imparted for achieving certain ends and goals.

Aims are like ideals they are supreme. The term aims of teaching science stands for the goals, targets or broader purposes that may be fulfilled by the teaching of science in the general scheme of education.

• Aims are ambitious there realization is not an easy task.
• Attainment of aim needs a long-term planning.
• They are divided into some definite, functional and workable units named as objectives.

The Physical Science Education is Aimed for the Learner to:

1. To know about the facts and principles of science and its applications, consistent with the period of cognitive development and imbibe the values of

• Integrity,
• Cooperation,
• Honesty,
• Concern for life and Preservation of environment.

2. To develop a historical and developmental perspective of science and enable to view science as a continuing social enterprise.

3. To acquire the skills and recognize the methods of processes that lead to generation and validation of scientific knowledge.

4. To obtain the essential theoretical knowledge and practical technological skills to enter the world of work and foster scientific temper like-

• Critical thinking
• Skepticism,
• Objectivity and Freedom from fear and prejudice.

5. To relate science education to environment (natural environment, artifacts and people), at local as well as global level, and appreciate the issues at the interface of science, technology and society.

6. To nurture the Natural curiosity, Aesthetic sense and Creativity in science and technology.

General Objectives Of Teaching Physics

Student are curious in nature they want to know about all things, they come into contact with. They should therefore be trained to know about the relationship and the various benefits that are derived from nature.

Some objectives of teaching physical science in schools are:

1. To make students know the relationship between physical and social environment.

2. To help them know the utility of science in life.

3. To improve the power of observation.

4. To encourage Practical and Scientific outlook in the students.

5. To rear a habit of

• Personal,
• Family and
• Society cleanliness.

6. To develop the skill of manipulation and to shape a good character.

How Is Physics Related To Other Sciences?

Physics is the discipline dedicated to understand nature in an extremely general sense. More precisely, physics is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the world around us behaves.

In one form or another, physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines, and possibly the oldest through its modern subfield of astronomy. Physics during the last two millennia occasionally got synonymous with

• Philosophy,
• Chemistry,
• Biology and
• Even certain branches of Mathematics.

In the 16th century, physics emerged as modern science and then with time become distinct from these other disciplines; although the boundaries between physics and all these other subjects still remain difficult to define.

Despite many significant discoveries during the last four centuries, numerous substantial questions about nature still continue to be unanswered, and many areas of the subject are still inactive.

The fundamental trait of physics is that it aims to gain knowledge, and hopefully understanding, of the general properties of the world around us. Today, physics is a wide-ranging and enormously advanced subject that is, for practical reasons, split into several general subfields.

Physics, in everyday terms, is

• The science of matter and its motion;
• The science that deals with concepts such as:
  • Force,
  • Energy,
  • Mass, and
  • Charge etc.

Physics has also been divided into two conceptually different branches:

1. Theoretical physics and
2. Experimental physics;

Theoretical physics: It deals with the development of new theories.

Experimental physics: It deals with the experimental testing of these new, or existing theories.

Physics is seen as an important subject, advances in physics often translate to the technological sector, and from time to time resonate with the other sciences, and even mathematics and philosophy.

For Example:

• Advances in mechanics led to the development of Calculus, Quantum chemistry, and the use of instruments like the electron microscope in microbiology.
• Advances in thermodynamics led to the development of motorized transport.
• Advances in the understanding of electromagnetism led to the widespread use of electrically driven devices like Televisions, Computers, Home appliances, etc.

EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES

Meaning of Objectives

Aims are sovereign in nature they are broken into specified objectives to provide definite learning experiences for bringing about desirable behavioral changes.

Objectives help in generating behavioral modifications in the learners for the ultimate realization of the aims of teaching.

The objectives are achieved within the specified classroom situation, and they

• Have swift purposes and are short-term.
• And they also Aid in accomplishing immediate goals.

Definition of Educational Objectives

Objectives related to education as a whole, are known as 'Educational Objectives '.

 “By educational objectives, we mean explicit formulations of the ways in which students are expected to be changed by the educative process, that is, the ways in which they will change in their actions”. - B.S.Bloom

Need of Educational Objectives

Reasons for needing educational objectives are:

1. Educational objectives indicate the nature of the education system.
2. They serve as guides for teaching and learning.
3. Educational objectives provide guidelines in selecting teaching-learning activities.
4. It shows the direction in which education will act.
5. For teaching which aims at worthwhile behavior changes, a clear understanding of educational objectives is essential.
6. Educational objectives develop awareness among the teachers about the importance of their work.

How to Form Educational Objectives

The formulation of educational objectives is a matter of careful choice on the part of the teachers and administrators.

1. In forming educational objectives following factors are involved:
   • The needs and capabilities of the pupils.
   • The specific demands of his social environment.
   • The nature of the subject matter.
2. In order to save time and effort, it is very important that the objectives of a subject be clearly identified and defined.

Criteria For Good Educational Objectives

The criteria of a good educational objective is that

1. The educational objectives should be ‘Unambiguous’.
2. The educational objectives should be ‘Useful’.
3. The educational objectives should be ‘Specific’.
4. The educational objectives should be ‘Feasible’.
5. The educational objectives should be 'In Accordance With General Aims of Education '.

Objectives of Classifying Educational Objectives

Classification is a valuable system to group similar things under one heading based on common characteristics or common relationship that exists between groups and individuals.

The main objectives of classifying educational objectives are as follows:

1. Educational objectives are helpful in defining, translating, and exchanging educational thoughts in a uniform way.
2. These are vital in comparing curricular goals with wider educational objectives.
3. Educational objectives assist in preparing evaluation or testing materials.
4. They are highly valued in planning, teaching, and learning activities.
5. Educational objectives are significant in identifying desired behavioral outcomes among the learners.
6. It is crucial in the search for the relationships that exist among groups and individuals.

Educational objectives are fundamental in planning a curriculum.

Conclusion

The Pedagogy Of Physical Science Plays A Vital Role In Shaping The Next Generation Of Scientifically Literate Individuals. By Understanding The Principles And Strategies Discussed In This Blog Post, You Will Be Well-Prepared To Create Meaningful And Impactful Science And Physics Learning Experiences For Your Students.

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